Definition and Examples of Acid-Base Indicator

In chemistry and cooking, many substances dissolve in water to make it either acidic or basic/alkaline. A basic solution has a pH greater than 7, while an acidic solution has a pH of less than 7. Aqueous solutions with a pH of 7 are considered to be neutral. Acid-base indicators are substances used to determine roughly where a solution falls on the pH scale. Acid-Base Indicator  Definition An acid-base indicator is either a weak acid or weak base that exhibits a color change as the concentration of hydrogen (H) or hydroxide (OH-) ions changes in an aqueous solution. Acid-base indicators are most often used in a titration to identify the endpoint of an acid-base reaction. They are also used to gauge pH values and for interesting color-change science demonstrations. Also Known As: pH indicator Acid-Base Indicator Examples Perhaps the best-known pH indicator is litmus.  Thymol Blue, Phenol Red, and Methyl Orange are all common acid-base indicators. Red cabbage can also be used as an acid-base indicator. How an Acid-Base Indicator Works If the indicator is a weak acid, the acid and its conjugate base are different colors. If the indicator is a weak base, the base, and its conjugate acid display different colors. For a weak acid indicator with the genera formula HIn, equilibrium is reached in the solution according to the chemical equation: HIn(aq) H2O(l) ↔ In-(aq) H3O(aq) HIn(aq) is the acid, which is a different color from the base In-(aq). When the pH is low, the concentration of the hydronium ion H3O is high and equilibrium is toward the left, producing the color A. At high pH, the concentration of H3O is low, so equilibrium tends toward the right side of the equation and color B is displayed. An example of a weak acid indicator is phenolphthalein, which is colorless as a weak acid but dissociates in water to form a magenta or red-purple anion. In an acidic solution, equilibrium is to the left, so the solution is colorless (too little magenta anion to be visible), but as pH increases, the equilibrium shifts to the right and the magenta color is visible. The equilibrium constant for the reaction may be determined using the equation: KIn [H3O][In-] / [HIn] where KIn is the indicator dissociation constant. The color change occurs at the point where the concentration of the acid and anion base are equal: [HIn] [In-] which is the point where half of the indicator is in acid form and the other half is its conjugate base. Universal Indicator Definition A particular type of acid-base indicator is a universal indicator, which is a mixture of multiple indicators that gradually changes color over a wide pH range. The indicators are chosen so mixing a few drops with a solution will produce a color that can be associated with an approximate pH value. Table of Common pH Indicators Several plants and household chemicals can be used as pH indicators, but in a lab setting, these are the most common chemicals used as indicators: Indicator Acid Color Base Color pH Range pKIn thymol blue (first change) red yellow 1.2 - 2.8 1.5 methyl orange red yellow 3.2 - 4.4 3.7 bromocresol green yellow blue 3.8 - 5.4 4.7 methyl red yellow red 4.8 - 6.0 5.1 bromothymol blue yellow blue 6.0 - 7.6 7.0 phenol red yellow red 6.8- 8.4 7.9 thymol blue (second change) yellow blue 8.0 - 9.6 8.9 phenolphthalein colorless magenta 8.2 -10.0 9.4 The acid and base colors are relative. Also, note some popular indicators display more than one color change as the weak acid or weak base dissociates more than once. Acid-Base Indicators Key Takeaways Acid-base indicators are chemicals used to determine whether an aqueous solution is acidic, neutral, or alkaline. Because acidity and alkalinity relate to pH, they may also be known as pH indicators.Examples of acid-base indicators include litmus paper, phenolphthalein, and red cabbage juice.An acid-base indicator is a weak acid or weak base that dissociates in water to yield the weak acid and its conjugate base or else the weak base and its conjugate acid. The species and its conjugate have different colors.The point at which an indicator changes colors is different for each chemical. There is a pH range over which the indicator is useful. So, the indicator that might be good for one solution might be a poor choice to test another solution.Some indicators cant actually identify acids or bases, but can only tell you the approximate pH of an acid or a base. For example, methyl orange only works at an acidic pH. It would be the same color above a certain pH (acidic) and also at neutral and alkaline values.

Public Administration Reflection - 1015 Words

Throughout my daily life, I never took the time to realize how important and how often public administration affects how people, including myself, function in society. Public administration plays a role in every aspect of life; which includes walking to your mailbox to retrieve mail for the day, driving to work every morning in slow traffic due to construction being done, or even simply receiving an education. That all includes interacting with street level bureaucrats, and they are essential to everyday life. With my profound understanding of public administration values, such as social equity and individual rights, I know that we, as people in society, use them in a daily routine without even realizing it. Especially when I deal with†¦show more content†¦Nonetheless, I needed to put my name out there and take matters into my own hands. I knew the career path I wanted to take required many years of experience and networking. That is why the day I got a call from a private c riminal defense lawyer, I was excited and overwhelmed. They wanted to offer me an unpaid internship position, and I accepted it without hesitation. Although I wouldn’t be getting paid and that would mean I would have to take the bus across town, I knew it was something I had to do to get a head start in my career. The experience that I knew I would receive, I got it. Being at this law firm for three months has shown me real-life views that I never thought imaginable for an 18-year-old college freshman. Being an intern, I have numerous duties around the office. For an example, I answer clients’ calls, help put together case files with the paralegals and lawyers, attend meetings, and my personal favorite; attend hearings and trials. On certain days when I’m not busy with class, I attend court with the Mitigation Specialist and another intern. Being inside of the courtroom, listening in on testimonies and watching people as they examine the accused, it is amazing experience. I know by observing people that there is a certain way how one should act in the presence of a judge, and the respect that one should give to both parties in the case. You cannot learn that information by simply reading a textbook; it requires real-lifeShow MoreRelatedReflection on How Master of Science in Publi c Administration Influenced My Opinions1697 Words   |  7 PagesMy thoughts of public service prior to the MSPA program? My thoughts about public service before I entered the Master of Science in Public Administration (MSPA) program at California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), were most likely different from those of someone who received an undergraduate degree in Public Administration. 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Causes And Consequences Of Global Warming - 1662 Words

How would you feel if you were the cause of Global warming? Unfortunately, science shows that is exactly the case. In a report in 2001, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change stated, There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities†. Global warming comes as a direct result of the greenhouse effect- the trapping of the sun s warmth in a planet s lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet s surface. Our Earth is able to maintain a sustainable temperature because of the Greenhouse effect. Without it, the planet would be adverse and completely uninhabitable. The greenhouse gases water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are natural gases that are present in the atmosphere. They cause little to no harm when they are balanced but overtime humans have overproduced them, ca using temperatures to rise and a heap of other problems. The imbalance of greenhouse gases is caused by the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, decomposing organic matter, the use of fertilizer, and CFC’s. In this essay, I will first discuss the specific causes of Global warming, then I will address the effects, and finally detail how we as a society can help save our environment from further damage. The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are major causes of Global warming due to theShow MoreRelatedCauses And Consequences Of Global Warming2177 Words   |  9 PagesJainam Shah Professor Larry Menna SOIM-UB 125.007 04/03/2016 Causes and Consequences of Global Warming in California Fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas, have facilitated global economic development by stimulating the industrial sector. 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The Underground War in Gaza by Joe Sacco - 1514 Words

In our American society, newspapers are very important they provide a lot of solid information of what is happening in national and international level. Newspapers are usually written to expose conflicts, peace, knowledge, lost, and other cultural media. These articles can be written in different forms such as of multiple paragraph, photos, and comics; such as the one that the New York Times newspaper releases from their journalist, Joe Sacco the author of the comic book â€Å"The Underground War in Gaza† on July 6, 2003. In his comic he exposes the conflicts between Israel and Palestine. Sacco then illustrates the attacks that are happening in Palestinian territories, where the Israeli army attempts to maintain control with the excuse of†¦show more content†¦Throughout Sacco’s comic he chooses to draw himself as part of the comic, in doing so he shows how his charter is the only one that has an actual communication with the upper level of the Israeli army, dem onstrating that Palestinians have no way of communication with the opposing side. In addition to Sacco strategies, the first perspective Sacco shows in his comic book is protection. Even when protection happens in both sides of conflict, Palestine is illustrated as a more protective community, since the invaders are located within their territories. He shows how protection is within the Palestinian and Israeli families and pride. Sacco adds that families began to leave their houses, in page 24, he presents, â€Å"his family was chased out by constant Israeli gunfire,† in this quote Sacco draws himself also in the frame next to Mr. T. a man who is looking after his family’s security. This man has to make a life decision of leaving their â€Å"secure home,† to find an actual secure place for his family. Sacco points out those guns are in the hands of Israeli army, but also in Palestinians hands. He chooses to not make the clear connection but the constant firing happens when there are two different parties attacking. This attack is seen as a pro tection for both countries lives. In the other hand Israelis are protecting their families that live in the other side of the borders; they don’t want their families to live through what is happening in Palestine for this same reasonShow MoreRelatedEssay on Joe Sacco880 Words   |  4 Pages Joe Sacco’s job isn’t to write funny cartoons that belong in the Sunday morning paper. His works also aren’t average articles packed with nothing but boring statistics. Sacco may be a journalist, but there’s much more to him than his notepad and pen; he’s a traveler, an artist, and someone who thinks making a difference in the world is important by putting people’s stories out there. According to his Wikipedia page, Sacco had a hard time finding a job with hard-hitting, attention-grabbing pieces

Foucault History of Sexuality/ A Reading Free Essays

According to Foucault, power from the 18th century began to be exercised in two dimensions. The first one was formulated by the disciplinary techniques and methods of ‘bio-power’, the power over life which increased the capacities of the human body, and at the same time enhanced its economic utility. The second dimension focuses around the exercise of bio-power over the body and its vitality. We will write a custom essay sample on Foucault: History of Sexuality/ A Reading or any similar topic only for you Order Now Foucault focuses on relations of power and knowledge but his immediate object of analysis was sexuality because it concerns with both, the relations of power of the individual as well as the society. Sex was supposed to be located at the centre of the two axes of the development of political technology of life. Sexuality in Foucault’s work thus achieved an important means of addressing the question of formation of the subject. The issue of sexuality emerges at several points in Foucault’s works but it is only approached in a limited and sustained manner in ‘History and Sexuality’. The essays constitute the central theme of the history of sexual conduct and behaviour, and the analysis of philosophical and religious ideas on sexuality so as to reach an understanding of the formation and the development of the experience of sexuality in modern societies. He keeps shifting from keeping a historical focus to more analytical concerns in his work on sexuality. The Introduction of the essay provides an analysis of sex as an historical theory rather than as the most basic innate human element. Foucault compares and analyses sex and sexuality in relations to power and knowledge and extends the study further to dissect the modes of what he calls the ‘objectification’ through which human beings are made into subjects. In the beginning, the historical focus moves from the post-enlightenment period of the 18th and 19th century events to a period encompassing the centuries immediately before and after the death of Christ right up to the middle ages, further onto an analysis of Greek and Christian texts. In the following volumes relations of power, through which individuals form and change themselves through the techniques of the self are focused upon. Foucault begins by analyzing the popular Victorian concept of sexual experience that sex was used as a means of repression and as a symbol of power. He questions the general belief of ‘repressive hypothesis’ to reach an understanding of the relations between power and sex. As an effect to that he formulated a set of questions like, why has sexuality been so widely discussed? , what are the links between these discussions and the pleasures and power effects that were caused by them? Etc. This hypothesis describes the history of western societies after the 17th century as a period in which a series of prohibitions laid down on the individuals and their physical behaviour. By the coming of the Victorian age, sexuality was confined and controlled to home and marriage, except for the licensed access to sex in markets and brothels. This prohibition of sexuality is seen by Foucault as having some similarity to the general repression due to capitalism and its class related problems. Foucault argues that another sexual tendancy is also evident in the increase of discourses concerned with sex. There emerged a political, economic and technical incitement to talk about sex. From this point onwards, sex became an object of administration, management and the government. He argues that a proof that sex was implicitly present as an object of inquiry was the government’s focus on population. Population became an object of government and administration with the realization that it had its own limitations. The governments became more aware and concerned of the economic, moral, health and political problems of their populations. This in turn lead to a study and a minute analysis of various influences on population like birthrate, legitimacy of births, age of marriage, frequency of sexual relations, fertility etc. Therefore as on one hand, sex became confined to home and the licensed married couple, on the other hand, it also became a governmental matter between the state and the individual. Sex became a public issue open to discourses, analysis and a matter of gaining knowledge in. This resulted in the emergence of the 18th and 19th century discourses on sexuality through the fields of medicine, psychiatry, criminology and social work. Foucault comments that the past three centuries reveal a vast accumulation of endless discourses on sex and sexuality. We can thus say that modern western societies were distinct not for their repression and censor of sex, but rather for their simultaneous subjection of sexuality to never ending discussions and their curiosity for exploring of the secrets of life and birth. We may then conclude that all different legal, medical and moral discussions had in the end, cultivated a reproduction of labour capacity and the preservation of the prevailing form of social relations. Foucault argues that if the increase in these discussions was governed by the intention of eliminating fruitless pleasures, then they had failed as the 19th century saw a bifurcation of sexualities into many perversions. Foucault suggests that power did not prohibit or eradicate extra-conjugal, non-monogamous sexualities, on the contrary they were multiplied. The form of power to which sex was subjected did not set boundaries for sexuality. It extended the various forms of sexuality, pursuing them according to lines of uncertain analysis. It did not exclude sexuality, but rather included it in the body as a mode of specification of individuals. It did not seek to avoid it but attracted its varieties by means of complex gyre like structures in which pleasure and power reinforced one another. Thus the manifold sexualities, sexualities of different ages and those fixated on particular tastes, all formed equations of power. Perverse forms of sexuality are then seen as the effects or the products of the exercise of a type of power over bodies. This extension of power over bodies, conduct and sex, does not produce repression, but an incitement of unorthodox and perverse sexualities. Thus Foucault’s argument that we need to abandon the hypothesis of increased sexual repression associated with the development of modern industrial societies. Power in its exercise has not taken the form of law, it has been positive and productive rather than negative, and has ensured an increase of pleasures and a multiplication of sexual perversions. In the 19th century, sexuality was constituted in scientific terms. Within western societies, there developed a ‘scientia sexualis’, whose objective was to produce real and honest discourses on sex, the truth on sex to be precise. At its centre was a technique of confession, whose history may be traced back through the middle ages in western Europe to the first centuries of Christianity. From the Christian penance to the psychiatrists couch, sex has been the central theme of confession. Foucault argued that with the rise of protestant religion, anti-reformation and the 19th century medicine, confession spread beyond its traditional Christian usage and entered a diverse range of social relationships, an effect of which was the constitution of archives of the truth of sex inscribed within medical and psychiatric discourses. Within modern societies this intersection of confession with scientific investigation constructed the domain of sexuality as problematic and thus needing interpretation and therapy. In short the object of investigation became to uncover the truth of sex, to reveal its secret and thus to gain knowledge of individuals and their behaviours. As a result of this, sex became not only an object of knowledge, but the focus of our being, our truth. Although the concept of power is central to both the analysis of penal incarceration and the preliminary work on sexuality, in no sense does Foucault’s work constitute, or even attempt a formulation of a theory of power. At the most what is presented is the critique of the prevailing formation of the exercise of power which lies at the foundation of both sexual repression and alternative hypothesis in which desire is conceived to be constituted in the form of law like rules. Such a conception of power has structured the analytical field of inquiry in terms of problems of right and violence, freedom and will and the state of sovereignty. According to Foucault’s view power is relational. It is not born from a particular site or location. It is a concept which refers to an open, organized, hierarchical group of relations which are both unstable and local and the analysis of sex proceeds by analyzing the complex relations between the discussions on sex and on the multiplicity of power relations associated with them. There emerged four strategic unities associated with the production of the discourses on sexualities in the 19th century. These constituted of the specific mechanisms of knowledge and power, centred on sex and the four sexual subjects. The strategic unities were: a hysterization of womens bodies, a pedagogization of childrens sex, a socialization of procreative behaviour and a psychological analysis of perverse pleasures. And the subjects were hysterical women, a masturbating child, a Malthusian couple and a perverse adult respectively. According to Foucault, these four unities do not represent mechanisms for controlling or regulating pre-existing forms of sexualities, rather they represent the relations of power and knowledge articulated in medical, pedagogical, psychiatric and economic discourses. In Foucault’s view, from 19th century onwards the ‘Deployment of Alliance’, a system of rules and practices defining the permitted and the forbidden relations between sexual partners, has been paralleled by the development of sexuality operating through techniques of power rather than a system of rules. Whereas the former is concerned with the link between partners, the latter, the deployment of sexuality manifests a different connection to the economy through the cultivation of the body, ‘a body that produces and consumes’. The family gradually became a transmission of the strategies of ‘sexualisation’ that emerged in the 19th century. Foucault’s theory is that in the first instance, it was in the ‘bourgeois’ or the aristocratic family that the sexuality was given a status of a medical problem. The psychological convergence of sex thus began with the bourgeoisie with a sexualisation of the idle and the nervous woman with the self-abusing child. The objective was to constitute a body and a sexual identity for the bourgeoisie to ensure the vigour and longevity of the classes that ruled rather than a repression of the class that was exploited. This new distribution of pleasures had as its initial purpose the self affirmation of the bourgeoisie by a specifically political ordering of life in which a technology of sex was fundamental. Just as the aristocracy constructed a sense of itself, its special qualities and its difference from other social classes in terms of concept , so did the bourgeoisie, through a conception of a sound body and a healthy sexuality articulated in biological and medical discourses, sought to affirm its present and future specificity. Turning to the lower orders, the working classes, Foucault argues that just as the Christian technology of the flesh had exercised a little influence over their rude sensuality, so for a good while they remained untouched by deployment of sexuality. But gradually from the 18th century however, a series of developments like the identification of problems of birth control and the development of juridical and medical measures to protect society from perverse forms of sexuality, precipitated a diffusion of mechanisms of sexualisation throughout the society. This effected in the working class being subject to the deployment of sexuality. However the sexuality of the working class was in no way synonymous to the bourgeoisie, there is no sense in which Foucault’s analysis brings us to this interpretation. The practice of sexuality in modern western society is not conceived by Foucault to be either collective or united. On the contrary, the forms taken and instruments employed are conceived to have varied in relation to the social class. The domain of sexuality in Foucault’s works is presented as one of the most important concrete arrangements through which power has been exercised over life in modern western societies. It is the key element in the emergence and development of the measures of supervision which have constituted the foundation of forms of public provision and welfare. The exercise of a pastoral or caring power over life in general and in particular is presented as a fundamental or defining characteristic of modern societies and as a necessary precondition for the distribution of capitalist economic relations throughout social life. It is because of this articulation of the phenomenon of human existence that the general social significance of the deployment of sexuality is initially focused on by Foucault. The specificity of modern western societies is associated with a particular historical transformation or shift of the emphasis from exercise of absolute power by or in the name of the sovereign, literally to take life, to the emergence and development of governmental technologies of power directed towards an administration of the processes of life in order to increase their economic utility. The two basic forms in which power began to be exercised over life from the 17th century are: * An anatomo-politics of the human body, * A bio-politics of the population. The first form according to Foucault concerns the exercise of power over the life of the body and is exemplified by the disciplines and techniques directed towards the increase of bodily forces and capacities. The second form in which power has been exercised over life is that of the management and regulation of the population, the body as a species and its mortality and fertility issues. The emergence of the technology of bio-power constituted an important event and signified a shift away from unstable, dramatic and ceremonial exercises of sovereign power towards an investment of the processes of life by an economic and efficient form of power. The emergence of bio-power designated the moment at which the phenomena of human existence were submitted to the calculation and order of knowledge and power. At the intersection of the two axes along which the exercise of power over life developed, namely the disciplines of body and the regulation of populations, lies the political issue of sex. Sex achieved importance as a political issue because it offered access to both life of the body and the life of the species so that we comprehend the pursuit in dreams, behaviour and beyond the truth of sexuality. Foucault deals with various modes of explaining the relations of power and knowledge through which human beings are made subjects. Foucault not only rejected the belief that sexuality is predicated on a biological given sex, but argued that the autonomy given to sex was an effect of the deployment of sexuality. Foucault argued that the category of sex established through the deployment of sexuality in the course of the 19th century performed a number of functions. It offered a principle of unification through which anatomical elements, biological functions, conducts, sensations and pleasures could be presented as the underlying cause of behavioural manifestations, as a secret to be discussed and interpreted. Through such proximity to biology and physiology, the knowledge of sexuality gained a semi-scientific status and contributed to the development of a process of normalization of human sexuality to the determination of normal sex and its various pathological corollaries. The idea of sex as the latent, secret force repressed within us allowed power to be conceptualized solely as law and taboo and thereby hiding the positive relation of power with sexuality. The corollary of this position is of course that it led to the equation of human liberation with the discovery and expression of the secret of sex and sexuality. The final section of the idea of sex outlined by Foucault focuses on the process by which human beings become subjects. It is through the idea of sex that each individual has to pass in order to have access to his own intelligibility, to the whole of his body and to his identity. Thus Foucault’s position is that the exercising of power over life has advanced through the deployment of sexuality and its construction of sex as the secret of existence to be discovered and articulated, as a force to be liberated and realized, and be synonymous to our very being. This arises from the fact that in his view sex-drive cannot be free of power. It is an effect of the deployment of sexuality and of the exercise of technologies of power over life. Sex is not the underlying reality beneath the illusory appearance of sexuality, on the contrary, sexuality is a typical historical formation from which the notion of sex emerged as an element central to the operation of bio-power. In western civilization there has been a tendency to associate the theme of sexual austerity with various social or religious taboos and prohibitions. Foucault argues that in fact it seems to have been quite different. To begin with, moral considerations of sexual condition were subject to a fundamental gender dissymmetry. The moral system was produced by and addressed purely to free men, to the exclusion, to the exclusion of women, children and slaves. A second significant feature of the moral system is that it did not form fundamental prohibitions or taboos in relation to forms of sexual austerity, rather it intended to present or propose modes of conduct appropriate and relevant for men in view of their right, power, authority and freedom. Foucault states that in the texts of Greek or Gaeco-Roman antiquity, the emphasis as far as moral considerations are concerned tends to be placed on practices of the ‘self’, rather than on codes and conducts in terms of the permitted and the prohibited. I have tried to make a thorough reading of Michael Foucault’s essay the ‘History of Sexuality’ and found that it effectively establishes that the roots of our modern sexual ethics go back to ‘Antiquity’. Although the emergence of Christianity did not introduce a novel code of sexual behaviour, it did transform people’s relationship to their own sexual activity. Although the essays address themselves explicitly to the question of the so called ‘problematization’ of sexual activity, they also are important for their implications for an understanding of the art of government which developed in modern western societies. How to cite Foucault: History of Sexuality/ A Reading, Papers

IT Management Issues for Developing Economy- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIT Management Issues for Developing Economy. Answer: Introduction The current business environment is that of globalization and developing economy, and thus many businesses are trying to attain the maximum market attainable in both levels of market, that is, global and local markets. Everyday business people struggle to attain their ideal objective. For this reason, businesses have been working extra hard to tout-do their competitors in several different ways one of the commonly known way is merger and acquisition (MA). The main objective of expanding and growing a business is to gain financial stability and profit maximization for stakeholders. (Gleich, Kierans, Hasselbach 2010). The assumptions made include the following: Monet has already merged, it has implemented the ERP and the intelligent portal. Also the loyalty scheme is being practiced. Mergers and acquisitions (MA) offers firms and companies possibility of a wider and bigger share in the market and diversification. Monet (group of 5 holiday resorts) are utilizing this technique for the purpose of growing the 5 resorts. The objective of the managements decision was expanding their market, increasing the number of clients so as to get more, achieving financial stability and become more competitive. With the current conditions of economy MA have achieved quality across the global market. Also technological advancement, competition and globalization has facilitated growth of MA. (Dringoli, 2016). Concept of Mergers and Acquisition Merger involves mutual agreement between two or more businesses to combine and become single business. The idea of MA has brought about increased profits and reduced operational costs through operational and structural benefits brought by merger. The benefits that come around by merging are vast and include the following: the business is able gain power, control and dominance in the market environment, efficiency value is increased like cost savings and enrichments, resource sharing bring about economies of scale offering competitive advantage due to reduced costs, the risk of utilizing innovative methods of financial risk management is greatly reduced and the best benefit is tax advantage. (Sherman, 2011). However, success of a merger depends on the efforts and strategies of the merging businesses. If this is not done well by the Monet management, it will lead to some disadvantages including: experienced workers will be lost, small merging business workers need exhausting training, the merger may experience difficulties due to competition among the employees of the combined resorts, there is over capacity of business that may require retrenchment and duplication. (Hassan, Ghauri, 2014). Information Technology and Information System Issues Information technology has led to development of new communication channels thus facilitating customer connection. In this generation nearly everybody is connected via the internet and people can easily connect and chat and share experiences. This has led to expectations of customers changing like they expect quicker, better and quality services. Clients now know that they possess power to choose what they want, where and when to have or go. Therefore, Monet implementing ERP systems and intelligent electronic portal is a way to satisfy these customer demand. (Chew Gottschalk, 2009). An information system (IS) is integrated components for gathering, processing, displaying storing information in form of knowledge. Monet utilizes such systems to run and control their day-to-day processes and interact with customers to attain market power. Also the company can use information systems such as ERP and web 4.0 portals to monitor and control operations and extend services to customers. (Cohen, 2012). ERP Benefits to the Monet and its Customers According to Worster, Weirich Andera (2012), ERP implementation brings several benefits to the company including: Competition- ERP software needs a big investment. But a greater cost lies in not making the investment. Businesses cannot risk failing to implement ERP while their competitors gain the benefits of employing the system. Seeking technology solutions will ease ways of lead generation. Efficiency- An ERP solution get rid of duplicate processes and reduces greatly the urge to manually key in information. The system will also smoothen, and simplify business processes and improve efficiency for organizations to collect information, regardless of what department they are operating in. Forecasting- correct forecasts are created through implementation of Enterprise resource planning software because it offers users and managers the tool they require. Business are able to make estimates that are more realistic and more effective prediction Collaboration- department collaboration is important and a necessity in a business structure. Departments are able to operate together if the data keyed into ERP systems is consistent and centralized. The software also deals with most aspect of a business, thus automatically motivating collaborative, interdepartmental energy. Scalability- designed ERP systems permits the addition of new clients and operates to improve the solution implemented initially with time. When the business is ready to move to the next step or requires more resources, ERP software should have the ability to facilitate that growth. Reporting- ERP software ease reporting and makes it more customizable. With enhanced capabilities of reporting, the organization can respond easily to complex information requests. Consumers can also execute their reports without depending on the assistance from IT, thus saving time of the users. Some of the customer benefits associated with the implementation of ERP include; service delivery is fast- when inventory information is correct and is accessible easily, orders are sold faster. An ERP system enables updates of real-time to maintain correct inventory information. In circumstances where customers are used to booking resorts, or tours at the click of a button, faster booking order fulfillment is vital.(Kimbrell, Ellis East Carolina University, 2013). Accurate services- correct fulfilling services needs cross-functional collaboration between reservation, billing, tour guide among others. ERP data is distributed among several departments thus bettering insights, and keeping everyone aware about service status. When services are met correctly and on time, client satisfaction is enhanced and expenses that come with errors are reduced. (Chetty, 2016). Improved Customer Service- When client service representative have permission to access detailed customer data all in one portal, customer requirements can be met faster. An ERP system can be structured in a way that the user is able to view the most relevant data on his or her custom-built dashboards for example client related information versus daily information of the entire system. Thus simplifying the access of required information. (Information Resources Management Association, 2011) Lower Costs- ERP software minimizes operation and administrative costs by reducing errors, repetitive duties, and excess inventory. Monitoring operations also aids in prevention of downtime and disruptions, and enhance betterment of employee management and program. Best clients are prioritized and rewarded with free tours among other offers. When organization processes are made better, both the company and clients reap the benefits. Impacts of Web 4.0 Level Ultra-Intelligent Electronic Portal Creation of such a portal will enhance interaction of Monet customers with their website. When customers visit this site, s/he will be recognized if one stands in front of the recognition devices like scanners and cameras the system will identify the customer and say word like: Welcome to Monet, services at its best. How may I help you today Customer Name? such a system makes a customer feel recognized and have a feeling of belonging. Many people want a system that interacts with them with less typing and this system will be unique to Monet business. (Ozkan, 2010). However, implementing such a system to a newly merged enterprise is a big risk to a business. This technology is sophisticated and may be complex to customers when interacting with it. Clients tend to prefer easy to use portals and therefore since web 4.0 will be a new technology, it may not be well received by customers. (Murugesan, 2010). There are a lot of opportunities that can come up with merging the 5 resorts into one. The company may decide to diversify its services not only to be the normal resort services but they can venture into opportunities like transportation-airport pick up and drop for non-clients, entertainment- rather than the television sets installed in the resort rooms, the company may decide to venture in to cinema business where clients can be going there to watch movies. Such opportunities will expand the business territory and enhanced market power. (Nelson, Joos Wolf, 2013). Acquiring New Customers Achieving loyalty requires giving back something to your clients through rewards like free meals, airport transfers, and free tours. Hotel businesses should acknowledge that loyal clients are more profitable but can also shift to other competitive resorts. The loyal customers of an organization should sometimes be offered goods or services at a lower price. This will increase their loyalty thus increasing the profit of the business. It is essential to give reason to your clients on why they should stay and utilize your services. (Zeidler, 2009). The easiest and most efficient way of attaining this is by creating a client loyalty program. Investing energy and time in improving client loyalty should be a part of any business' marketing techniques. If you fail to invest in client loyalty, the likelihood of losing more client than attracting them is higher. (Bainbridge, 2017). An effective client loyalty scheme should utilize customer information and control each clients interactions with your business. This should include what they buy, why, and when. This knowledge permits you to provide useful and targeted rewards, like vouchers and rewards on what they buy. Offers like this are useful to the as they will make the customer come back frequently. This will lead to more sales for the business as the client redeems their rewards and use more money with your business.(Humby, Hunt Phillips, 2008). Targeted and tailored offers may also have a higher perceived worth than generic unique rewards. Bespoke rewards make the client feel valued and improves the relationship with you. This is an evidence to the customers that you understand their requirements, and thus helps in attaining customer. In addition, it gives the feeling that you are investing time to focus on them which helps enhance a positive emotional reaction. (Zeidler, 2009). This positive reaction can be employed and nurtured with the use of communications carefully. Frequent communication through the email or newsletter, will assist in relationship building and make your clients feel valued, while making sure they are updated on major pertinent rewards. Frequent clients engagement is also a method of achieving client loyalty. (Humby, Hunt Phillips, 2008). Benefits of Implementing Customer Loyalty Scheme The following are some of the advantages of having a customer loyalty scheme: Costs is reduced The evidence is in the numbers: generating new businesses from an existing client is five times cheaper compared to acquiring new clients. As such building customer loyalty scheme will reduce the cost of having a new customer. (Agnihotri, Rapp Business Expert Press, 2010). Recommendations the most efficient brand ambassadors are your satisfied customers. They are likely to recommend fresh business, which can ease sales and provide cheaper ways of lead generation. A survey conducted on customer loyalty revealed that approximately 20 percent of new sales achieved come from the existing clients. Repeat business Loyal clients invest more in your business. This is because they will repeatedly buy your services or goods over a long period of time. In accordance to the sales and business cycles, one loyal customer can bring more profit annually than maybe ten first-time clients. Bigger sales building relationships with loyal clients, leads to easiness on sales of higher volume of goods and. Thus, achieving client loyalty should yield larger profits and more sales. Clients that trust your business also listen and heed to your recommendations. This offers a chance to sell along your product lines. Staying ahead loyal customers place you ahead of your competitors. Organization that have built strong brand loyalty are immune to forces of competition which is vital in markets with regular new players. Conclusion It is said that a single size can never match it all. Many companies believe that the quickest method to widen business territories is exercising mergers and acquisition. Mergers results in economies of scale and collaboration resulting to reduced cost and increased operations. Stakeholders will agree to the idea of merging if they believe they believe it will lead to them having competitive advantage over their rivals. Advantages goes on and include gaining competitive advantage, market dominance, reduced operational costs among others. However, such a decision to merge come up with some disadvantages including employee competition and rivalry. Implementing ERP will make management of the different departments including accounts, tour guides, bookings among others. Recommendation Monet management, therefore, should go ahead to implement the decision because with it comes along a package of several advantages mentioned. Also for Monet to maintain market power then it should be gathering information on both their loyal and new customers on their preferences every season so as not to give them an option. It is also necessary for them to always follow up on clients about the services they received and what they would like get improved. References Agnihotri, R. S., Rapp, A. A., Business Expert Press. (2010).Effective sales force automation and customer relationship management: A focus on selection and implementation. New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017: Business Expert Press. Bainbridge, S. (2017).Mergers and acquisitions: A transactional perspective. Foundation Press. Chetty, N. G. (2016).The operational benefits of ERP adoption by third-party logistics organisations in South Africa. Chew, E. K., Gottschalk, P. (2009).Information technology strategy and management: Best practices. Hershey: Information Science Reference. Cohen, E. B. (2012).Issues in informing science and information technology. Santa Rosa (California: Informing Science Press. Dringoli, A. (2016).Merger and Acquisition Strategies. Gleich, R., Kierans, G., Hasselbach, T. (2010).Value in due diligence: New risks, new mitigation. Farnham: Gower. Hassan, I., Ghauri, P. N. (2014).Evaluating companies for mergers and acquisitions. Humby, C., Hunt, T., Phillips, T. (2008).Scoring Points: How Tesco Continues to Win Customer Loyalty. London: Kogan Page. Information Resources Management Association. (2011).Enterprise information systems: Concepts, methodologies, tools and applications. Hershey: Business Science Reference. Karenfort, S. (2011).Synergy in mergers acquisitions: The role of business relatedness. Kimbrell, J., Ellis, M. L., East Carolina University. (2013).The impacts of Web 2.0, Web 3.0, and Web 4.0 technologies used in distance education. Greenville, N.C.: East Carolina University. Murugesan, S. (2010).Handbook of research on Web 2.0, 3.0, and X.0: Technologies, business, and social applications. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Nelson, R., Joos, I. M., Wolf, D. M. (2013).Social media for nurses: Educating practitioners and patients in a networked world. Ozkan, C. B. (2010).Free and open source software for e-learning: Issues, successes, and challenges. Hershey PA: Information Science Reference. Sherman, A. J. (2011).Mergers acquisitions from A to Z. New York: American Management Association. Worster, A. J., Weirich, T. R., Andera, F. J. C. (2012).Maximizing Return on Investment Using ERP Applications. Somerset: Wiley. Zeidler, C. (2009).Mobile support in customer loyalty management: An architectural framework. Wiesbaden: Gabler Edition Wissenschaft.